Become an Accredited Yoga Teacher: Step-by-Step Guide to Certification and Training

To become an accredited yoga teacher, complete a 500-hour yoga teacher training program approved by Yoga Alliance. You can do this in one step with a single program or in two steps by first completing a 200-hour training, then a 300-hour advanced training. This certification boosts your teacher qualifications and skills.

Once you enroll, engage fully with the coursework. This typically includes studying yoga philosophy, anatomy, and teaching methods. Attend classes regularly, practice yoga daily, and learn to teach others. After completing your training, you may need to pass a written and practical exam to earn your certification.

Next, consider registering with a professional organization. This enhances your credibility as an accredited yoga teacher. Create a teaching style that reflects your personal practice. Spend time developing your unique voice and approach.

After you become certified, you can begin teaching classes. Build experience through workshops, community classes, or studios. Establish a network of fellow teachers and students. Embrace continuous learning to deepen your practice and knowledge.

In the upcoming section, we will explore the different types of yoga teacher certifications available and their specific requirements.

Table of Contents

What Does It Mean to Be an Accredited Yoga Teacher?

To be an accredited yoga teacher means having completed specific training programs recognized by a certifying organization. This accreditation ensures that the teacher has the necessary knowledge and skills to instruct students safely and effectively.

Recognized Yoga Alliance Standards
Completion of Required Training Hours
Ongoing Continuing Education
Adherence to Ethical Guidelines
Specializations and Diverse Styles

Accreditation encompasses various aspects that contribute to a teacher’s qualifications. Let’s explore these points in detail.

Recognized Yoga Alliance Standards: Being an accredited yoga teacher means meeting the standards set by Yoga Alliance, a prominent industry organization. Yoga Alliance establishes guidelines for training programs, ensuring they cover adequate topics such as anatomy, philosophy, and teaching methodology.
Completion of Required Training Hours: An accredited yoga teacher has typically completed a minimum of 200 hours of training. These hours include practical instruction and theoretical components. For advanced teaching certifications, additional hours may be required, such as 300 or 500 hours.
Ongoing Continuing Education: Accreditation is not a one-time event. Accredited yoga teachers must engage in ongoing education to maintain their status. This can involve attending workshops, yoga conferences, or specialized courses. It ensures teachers stay current with the latest developments in yoga practice and teaching.
Adherence to Ethical Guidelines: Accredited yoga teachers pledge to follow a code of ethics outlined by their accrediting body. This usually includes maintaining professionalism, creating a safe environment for students, and respecting the sanctity of the yoga practice.
Specializations and Diverse Styles: Accreditation allows teachers to specialize in different styles of yoga, such as Hatha, Vinyasa, or Yin. Some may pursue certifications in therapeutic yoga, prenatal yoga, or yoga for special populations. This diversity enriches the teaching community and enhances the quality of yoga education.

In summary, being an accredited yoga teacher reflects a commitment to education, ethical practice, and professional development, thereby significantly contributing to the overall quality of yoga instruction.

What Are the Key Requirements to Become an Accredited Yoga Teacher?

To become an accredited yoga teacher, individuals must meet specific training and educational requirements. They must complete a recognized yoga teacher training program and gain practical teaching experience.

Key requirements include:

Completion of a recognized yoga teacher training program
Accumulation of teaching hours
Knowledge of yoga philosophy and anatomy
Understanding of teaching methodologies
First aid and CPR certification (optional but recommended)
Adherence to ethical guidelines set by a certifying body
Continued education for maintaining accreditation

Each requirement plays a crucial role in the competency of a yoga teacher and contributes to diverse opinions within the field. Some believe that practical teaching experience should be emphasized more than formal education. Others advocate for strong philosophical knowledge as central to effective teaching.

Completion of a recognized yoga teacher training program:
Completing a recognized yoga teacher training program is essential to certification. Most training courses require a minimum of 200 hours of study. Programs typically cover yoga principles, practice, and instruction techniques. The Yoga Alliance, for example, establishes standards for such programs. They provide a directory of accredited schools, ensuring quality education.
Accumulation of teaching hours:
Accumulating teaching hours is vital for practical experience. New teachers often start with a minimum of 30 to 100 teaching hours, which enhances their confidence and skill. Gaining experience through teaching classes, workshops, or private sessions allows prospective teachers to develop a personal style.
Knowledge of yoga philosophy and anatomy:
Knowledge of yoga philosophy and anatomy forms the foundation of quality instruction. Aspiring teachers learn about key philosophical texts like the Yoga Sutras and how to apply them in practice. Anatomy education helps teachers understand body mechanics, which is crucial for safe practice and injury prevention.
Understanding of teaching methodologies:
An understanding of various teaching methodologies enables teachers to address individual needs. Training programs often include instructional strategies and methods tailored to different learning styles. This knowledge allows teachers to create inclusive environments that foster student growth.
First aid and CPR certification:
First aid and CPR certification is not mandatory but is highly recommended. This training equips teachers with skills to handle emergencies in a yoga setting. Certification courses often cover basic first aid techniques, including injury management and emergency response.
Adherence to ethical guidelines set by a certifying body:
Adherence to ethical guidelines is essential for maintaining professional standards. The Yoga Alliance, for example, outlines a code of conduct that teachers must follow. These guidelines foster respect, integrity, and accountability in the teaching community.
Continued education for maintaining accreditation:
Continued education is necessary for maintaining accreditation. Many certifying bodies require ongoing training to keep up with evolving practices and research within yoga. Workshops, advanced training programs, and specialized certifications can fulfill this requirement.

Meeting these key requirements prepares individuals for a successful career as an accredited yoga teacher, allowing them to guide others in their practice effectively.

What Standards Must Be Met by Yoga Alliance for Teacher Accreditation?

Yoga Alliance has specific standards that must be met for teacher accreditation. These include guidelines on training hours, content, and ethical conduct.

Minimum training hours
Curriculum requirements
Teaching practicum
Code of Ethics adherence
Continuing education requirements

These standards aim to ensure that yoga teachers are well-prepared and qualified to instruct students safely and effectively.

Minimum Training Hours: Yoga Alliance mandates that a registered yoga teacher training program must include a minimum of 200 hours for a basic certification. This ensures that teachers receive comprehensive foundational knowledge.
Curriculum Requirements: The curriculum must cover various essential topics, such as anatomy, philosophy, postures, and teaching methodology. This broad knowledge base helps teachers effectively guide their students in developing skills.
Teaching Practicum: Teacher training programs must include practical teaching experiences. This allows trainees to apply their knowledge in real-world settings and develop confidence and competence.
Code of Ethics Adherence: Yoga Alliance requires that all accredited teachers follow a strict Code of Ethics. This code ensures that teachers conduct themselves professionally and support the well-being of their students.
Continuing Education Requirements: Yoga Alliance promotes lifelong learning among yoga teachers. To maintain their credentials, teachers must complete continuing education requirements, which may include advanced training or workshops.

These standards help create a consistent and respected framework for yoga teachers, promoting high-quality instruction and safety within the practice.

Is Prior Experience Necessary Before Enrolling in Yoga Teacher Training?

No, prior experience is not necessary before enrolling in yoga teacher training. Many programs welcome beginners who are passionate about yoga and eager to learn. Each training tends to accommodate individuals at different levels of experience.

Yoga teacher training programs generally require a minimum level of physical fitness and a willingness to learn. Beginners can enroll in foundational or introductory courses, while more experienced practitioners may choose advanced training. Programs often focus on different yoga styles, such as Hatha, Vinyasa, or Ashtanga, which allows participants to find training that suits their individual needs. It’s common for teacher training schools to include basic yoga philosophy and anatomy, making the courses accessible for all levels.

One positive aspect of enrolling in yoga teacher training without prior experience is the opportunity to deepen one’s practice. Beginners can build a strong foundation in yoga techniques and philosophy. According to Yoga Alliance, over 300,000 individuals in the U.S. have completed yoga teacher training certificates. This reflects a robust interest in yoga, illustrating that many people start teaching after pursuing basic training.

However, some drawbacks exist for beginners. New practitioners may find the physical demands challenging. If they lack strength or flexibility, they might struggle with advanced poses. Expert Gregor Singleton (2022) notes that new students may feel overwhelmed during rigorous training sessions. This could impact their confidence and enjoyment of the training process.

To ensure a successful experience, beginners should consider enrolling in a program that matches their current skill level. They may want to take several classes before beginning teacher training. Additionally, seeking programs with experienced instructors who foster a supportive learning environment can enhance the training experience. Those who focus on personal growth rather than teacher roles can also benefit greatly from the journey.

What Types of Yoga Teacher Training Programs Can You Enroll In?

There are several types of yoga teacher training programs available for enrollment, catering to various interests and levels of expertise.

200-Hour Teacher Training
300-Hour Teacher Training
Specialized Yoga Teacher Training
Online Yoga Teacher Training
Prenatal Yoga Teacher Training
Kids Yoga Teacher Training
Restorative Yoga Teacher Training
Advanced Certifications (e.g., Yoga Therapy)

These training programs offer unique perspectives on yoga teaching and practice, and they can cater to different audiences. Some proponents argue that specialized programs enhance teaching quality. Conversely, some educators believe general training programs provide a more solid foundation in yoga fundamentals.

200-Hour Teacher Training: The 200-Hour Teacher Training program serves as the foundational course for aspiring yoga teachers. This program generally covers the philosophy of yoga, teaching methods, anatomy, and practice techniques. Yoga Alliance recognizes this certification as the entry-level requirement for teaching yoga. Many studios require this certification for instructors.
300-Hour Teacher Training: The 300-Hour Teacher Training allows already certified teachers to deepen their practices and enhance their skills. This program expands knowledge in areas like advanced asanas (postures), meditation techniques, and specialized teaching methods. Participants often explore more complex topics, such as the business of yoga. Completing this program enables teachers to register as a RYT-500 with Yoga Alliance.
Specialized Yoga Teacher Training: Specialized Yoga Teacher Training focuses on particular styles or areas within yoga, such as Vinyasa, Ashtanga, or Yin yoga. These programs often attract participants interested in instructing a specific audience or style. They foster a deeper understanding of the unique aspects of their chosen focus.
Online Yoga Teacher Training: Online Yoga Teacher Training programs provide flexibility for individuals unable to attend in-person classes. Many reputable schools now offer these virtual courses, which typically follow the same curriculum as traditional training. Additionally, online training appeals to international participants seeking renowned teachers without the constraints of location.
Prenatal Yoga Teacher Training: Prenatal Yoga Teacher Training specializes in teaching yoga to pregnant women. This program emphasizes safety and modifications to poses for different stages of pregnancy. It equips teachers with the knowledge to support physical and emotional wellness for both mothers and their babies.
Kids Yoga Teacher Training: Kids Yoga Teacher Training focuses on teaching yoga to children. This program incorporates playful methods to engage young students while addressing their unique developmental needs. Such training prepares teachers to convey yoga principles to children in an age-appropriate manner.
Restorative Yoga Teacher Training: Restorative Yoga Teacher Training centers on teaching relaxation techniques and restorative postures. This program emphasizes the importance of rest in the practice of yoga and the benefits of stress reduction. It helps instructors guide students seeking relief from the pressures of daily life.
Advanced Certifications (e.g., Yoga Therapy): Advanced Certifications provide specialized training beyond general teaching requirements. For instance, Yoga Therapy programs focus on using yoga as a therapeutic tool for specific health concerns. These programs often attract instructors interested in integrating yoga with healthcare practices.

Graduates of these programs often reflect a diverse range of teaching philosophies and methodologies, providing valuable perspectives in the world of yoga education.

Where Can You Find Yoga Teacher Training Programs Near You?

You can find yoga teacher training programs near you through several methods. First, search online using the phrase “yoga teacher training near me.” This search will display local studios and training centers offering courses. Second, explore social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram. Many yoga studios post their training programs and schedules on these platforms. Third, visit yoga-related websites, such as Yoga Alliance or Mindbody, which list accredited training programs across different regions. Fourth, consider asking for recommendations from local yoga instructors or practitioners. They can provide insights into reputable programs. Lastly, check community boards in health clubs or wellness centers. These often feature local training opportunities. By following these steps, you can easily locate yoga teacher training programs in your area.

How Long Typically Lasts a Yoga Teacher Training Program?

A typical yoga teacher training program lasts between 200 to 500 hours. Most programs offer a standard 200-hour certification, completed in about 3 to 6 months. Some advanced programs extend to 300 or 500 hours and may take up to a year or more to finish, often including additional specialized training.

The duration can vary based on the training format. Intensive programs, often held in retreats, may complete 200 hours in as little as 2 to 4 weeks. Part-time programs, which are more common, usually spread training over several months, meeting weekly or on weekends. For example, a 200-hour course meeting one weekend a month may last around six months.

Factors influencing the length of training include the format, depth of material covered, and the institution’s specific curriculum. Some programs incorporate additional certification topics, such as anatomy or yoga philosophy, which may extend the duration.

Consider the example of an aspiring yoga teacher attending a full-time immersion program in a serene environment. They might finish their 200 hours within one month. Conversely, a student balancing a job while pursuing a part-time evening and weekend course would take longer to complete the same number of hours.

Ultimately, while a 200-hour program is the most common, prospective teachers should assess their schedules and training preferences. Choosing the right format is essential based on individual lifestyle and learning goals. Further exploration could include research on specific training schools or alternative certifications that cater to specialized practices.

What Should You Expect During Yoga Teacher Training Courses?

During yoga teacher training courses, you can expect a blend of practical teaching experiences, in-depth anatomy studies, philosophy discussions, and personal growth opportunities.

Teaching Methodology
Anatomy and Physiology
Yoga Philosophy
Practicing Asanas
Personal Development
Community Building
Certification and Credentials

These key areas cover various aspects of the training, each contributing to your readiness as a yoga teacher.

Teaching Methodology:
Teaching methodology focuses on how to effectively instruct yoga classes. This includes learning about class structure, sequencing, and adjusting poses. Teachers emphasize clarity and communication to engage students. Courses often include practice teaching sessions that enhance confidence and teaching style. According to Yoga Alliance, effective teaching strategies can significantly improve student retention and satisfaction.
Anatomy and Physiology:
Anatomy and physiology involve understanding the human body and its functions during yoga practice. The course typically covers major muscles, joints, and systems involved in various postures. Knowing anatomy helps prevent injuries and enhances the teacher’s ability to guide students properly. Research by the International Journal of Yoga (2017) emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge for safe practice.
Yoga Philosophy:
Yoga philosophy explores the ancient texts and principles underlying yoga. This includes studying the Yoga Sutras, Bhagavad Gita, and ethical guidelines. Understanding philosophy helps teachers convey the deeper meanings of yoga beyond physical postures. A study led by Dr. Edwin Bryant, published in 2013, highlights how philosophical discussions can deepen practitioners’ understanding of yoga.
Practicing Asanas:
Practicing asanas, or postures, is integral to teacher training. Trainees gain proficiency in a range of poses, learning not only their execution but also their benefits, contraindications, and variations. Regular practice builds strength, flexibility, and confidence. According to a study in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (2016), consistent asana practice generates observable benefits for physical health and psychological well-being.
Personal Development:
Personal development focuses on enhancing self-awareness and emotional growth. Teacher training can lead to transformational experiences, fostering resilience, mindfulness, and compassion. Participants often report increased emotional regulation and interpersonal skills. A 2020 study by Harvard University indicates that mindfulness practices significantly contribute to personal development outcomes.
Community Building:
Community building emphasizes forming connections among trainees. Shared experiences foster support, collaboration, and lasting friendships. Networking with peers builds a sense of belonging and can lead to mentorship opportunities. Research suggests that strong community ties enhance learning and professional fulfillment among yoga teachers.
Certification and Credentials:
Certification is a formal recognition that signifies completion of training. Graduates often receive a 200-hour or 500-hour certification. These credentials are necessary for teaching professionally and may improve job prospects. The Yoga Alliance states that certified teachers meet industry standards, which can enhance their credibility and attract more students.

Which Topics Are Commonly Covered in Yoga Teacher Training?

The common topics covered in yoga teacher training include anatomy, philosophy, teaching methodology, asana practice, and ethics.

Anatomy
Philosophy
Teaching Methodology
Asana Practice
Ethics

Transitioning from these key topics, it’s essential to understand the depth and relevance of each area in shaping effective yoga teachers.

Anatomy: Anatomy in yoga teacher training focuses on understanding the human body and its functions in relation to yoga postures. This includes studying muscle groups, joint movements, and the skeletal system, which helps teachers to safely instruct students in alignment and prevent injuries. According to a study by Renshaw (2020), knowledge of anatomy enhances teacher confidence and effectiveness in their instruction.
Philosophy: Philosophy in yoga emphasizes the roots and principles of yoga, including ancient texts like the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and the Bhagavad Gita. This topic explores concepts such as meditation, mindfulness, and the eight limbs of yoga, providing a philosophical framework that underpins practical teachings. Brenda Miller, a scholar of yoga traditions, notes that understanding philosophy enriches a teacher’s approach to their practice and enhances the overall experience for students.
Teaching Methodology: Teaching methodology covers the skills needed for effectively teaching yoga classes. This includes classroom management, cueing techniques, adjustments, and how to create class sequences. A well-structured teacher training program, as noted by McKenzie (2019), ensures that future instructors can develop their unique teaching style while catering to various student needs.
Asana Practice: Asana practice forms the core of yoga learning, where instructors gain hands-on experience performing and instructing yoga poses. This section includes variations and modifications for different skill levels. A study conducted by Johnson (2021) found that extensive practical experience in asanas boosts a teacher’s ability to guide students through practice and enhance their physical capabilities.
Ethics: Ethics in yoga teacher training focuses on the moral responsibilities of a yoga teacher, including maintaining professional boundaries, respecting student confidentiality, and fostering a safe environment. Ethical practices reinforce the integrity of the yoga community. The Yoga Alliance emphasizes that ethics serve as a vital framework to guide teachers in their conduct, affecting their reputation and the overall perception of yoga as a healing practice.

Understanding these essential topics helps prospective teachers build a comprehensive foundation for a fulfilling career in yoga instruction.

How is Practical Teaching Experience Incorporated in Your Training?

Practical teaching experience is incorporated in my training through various hands-on activities and real-world applications. Training programs include supervised teaching practice, where I lead classes under the guidance of experienced instructors. This allows me to develop my teaching skills while receiving immediate feedback.

Additionally, the program offers internships at local studios. These internships provide opportunities to teach diverse groups of students. I also participate in peer teaching sessions, which foster collaboration and refine my teaching methods.

Throughout the training, I reflect on my teaching experiences. This reflection helps me identify strengths and areas for improvement. I receive formal evaluations from mentors, contributing to my professional growth. By integrating practical teaching experience into training, I gain the confidence and competence necessary to become an effective yoga teacher.

What Steps Follow After Completing Your Yoga Teacher Training?

After completing your yoga teacher training, several key steps follow to help you transition into your new role as a yoga instructor.

Obtain a teaching certification.
Create a personal teaching philosophy.
Gain teaching experience through classes.
Build a professional network within the yoga community.
Market your teaching services online and offline.
Continue your education and professional development.
Specialize in a specific style or niche, if preferred.

As you proceed with these steps, it is essential to understand how each one contributes to a successful teaching career.

Obtaining a Teaching Certification:
Obtaining a teaching certification is a crucial step after completing yoga teacher training. This certification demonstrates your proficiency in teaching yoga and is often required by studios or fitness centers where you may wish to work. Many accredited programs, such as those recognized by the Yoga Alliance, provide a clear path to certification. The certification validates your training and helps establish credibility in the industry.
Creating a Personal Teaching Philosophy:
Creating a personal teaching philosophy allows you to define your unique approach to yoga instruction. Your philosophy should reflect your values, beliefs, and experiences as a practitioner. It serves as a guiding principle for your classes and can help attract students who resonate with your perspective. A well-defined philosophy distinguishes you from other instructors.
Gaining Teaching Experience through Classes:
Gaining teaching experience through classes is vital for honing your skills. This may include offering free or donation-based classes to friends or community members. Real-time feedback from students will help you refine your teaching style. Building confidence and adapting to different students’ needs can elevate your capabilities as an instructor.
Building a Professional Network within the Yoga Community:
Building a professional network within the yoga community is essential for career development. Attend workshops, conferences, and local yoga events to connect with other instructors and enthusiasts. Networking can lead to employment opportunities, collaborations, and potential mentorship from experienced teachers.
Marketing Your Teaching Services Online and Offline:
Marketing your teaching services online and offline ensures visibility in a competitive market. Establish a professional presence on social media platforms and personal websites to showcase your class schedules, philosophy, and testimonials. Offline marketing can include flyers, local community boards, or partnerships with local gyms.
Continuing Your Education and Professional Development:
Continuing your education and professional development is important for staying current in teaching practices. Enroll in advanced courses, workshops, or specialty trainings such as prenatal yoga or restorative yoga. This commitment to lifelong learning not only enhances your teaching abilities but also keeps you informed about evolving trends in yoga.
Specializing in a Specific Style or Niche, if Preferred:
Specializing in a specific style or niche can set you apart as an instructor. Whether it’s hot yoga, vinyasa flow, or therapeutic yoga, narrowing your focus allows you to attract a dedicated student base. Developing expertise in a particular area can also enhance your credibility and marketability.

By following these steps, you will better position yourself as a competent and capable yoga teacher while navigating the early stages of your career effectively.

How Do You Register with Yoga Alliance for Your Accreditation?

To register with Yoga Alliance for your accreditation, you must complete specific steps that ensure your program meets their standards and requirements.

First, choose an appropriate training program. Yoga Alliance recognizes different levels of training. These include:

200-hour training: This is the foundational level for becoming a registered yoga teacher (RYT). It covers the essential principles of yoga practice and teaching.
300-hour training: This builds upon the 200-hour program, allowing for deeper specialization in teaching skills.
500-hour training: This represents the combination of the 200-hour and the 300-hour courses, providing a more comprehensive education.

Next, verify that your training program is registered with Yoga Alliance. Registered schools maintain certain standards, ensuring quality education for students. To find a registered school, you can use the search tool on the Yoga Alliance website.

After completing your training, you need to apply for registration. The registration process includes:

Filling out an online application: Provide your personal information and details of your completed training program.
Paying the registration fee: The fee varies depending on the level of registration. For example, as of 2023, the fee for a 200-hour program is typically around $50.
Submitting proofs of training: You must upload documentation that confirms your completion of the training program.

Finally, maintain your credentials. After becoming registered, you need to complete continuing education requirements every three years to keep your accreditation active. This ensures that you stay current with evolving teaching methods and yoga practices.

Following these steps will lead you to successfully register with Yoga Alliance and achieve your accreditation as a yoga teacher.

What Continuing Education is Required to Maintain Your Yoga Teacher Accreditation?

To maintain your yoga teacher accreditation, continuing education is essential.

The main points related to required continuing education include the following:
1. Renewing credentials periodically
2. Participating in workshops and seminars
3. Completing specialized training
4. Engaging in self-study
5. Attending yoga conferences

Continuing education requirements vary significantly among different yoga certification bodies.

Renewing Credentials Periodically: Renewing credentials periodically is a fundamental requirement for yoga teachers. Many certification organizations, such as Yoga Alliance, mandate that teachers must renew their registration every three years. This renewal process often necessitates a specific number of continuing education hours. For example, Yoga Alliance requires 30 hours of training every three years for Registered Yoga Teachers (RYT).
Participating in Workshops and Seminars: Participating in workshops and seminars is another valuable way to maintain accreditation. These events provide teachers with opportunities to deepen their knowledge and skills in specific yoga styles or teaching methods. According to studies by several yoga training programs, engaging in such professional development enhances teaching effectiveness and student engagement.
Completing Specialized Training: Completing specialized training in areas such as prenatal yoga, restorative yoga, or trauma-informed yoga can be highly beneficial. Specialized training programs equip teachers with necessary skills to address specific populations and their unique needs. For instance, research by Ashley G. (2019) indicates that teachers trained in trauma-informed approaches are better equipped to create safe spaces for vulnerable students.
Engaging in Self-Study: Engaging in self-study is an alternative method for continuing education. This can include reading books, watching instructional videos, or practicing yoga philosophy. Many accredited programs recognize structured self-study as valid education within certain limits. This approach allows teachers to explore topics at their own pace and tailor learning to their interests.
Attending Yoga Conferences: Attending yoga conferences is another way to meet continuing education requirements. These events often feature world-renowned speakers and diverse topics. Teachers who attend conferences not only accumulate educational hours but also network with peers and industry leaders. According to feedback from attendees, conferences significantly broaden perspectives and fuel personal growth.

In summary, continuing education for yoga teachers involves renewing credentials, participating in workshops, completing specialized training, engaging in self-study, and attending conferences. Each of these avenues contributes to the ongoing development of teachers’ skills and knowledge in yoga practice and instruction.

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